Simulating randomness

We also show how to use the QuestionFunctional question type to compare the responses using a function instead of calling a model. Learn more about this question type.

Creating questions to generate “random” numbers

We start by creating some questions prompting an agent to return a single random number and a list of random numbers. We then combine the questions in a survey and add “memories” of prior questions to some of the questions in order to compare responses generated with and without information about other responses. We also investigate how agents handle instructions to ignore a prior response that is nevertheless included, and to an instruction to return a list of random numbers all at once. This code is readily editable for further exploration, such as adding agent traits and personas to compare their additional impact on responses.

from edsl import QuestionNumerical, QuestionList, Survey, Agent, AgentList, Model, ModelList

m = ModelList([
    Model("gemini-1.5-flash", service_name = "google"),
    Model("gpt-4o", service_name = "openai"),
    Model("claude-sonnet-4-20250514", service_name = "anthropic")
])

q_random = QuestionNumerical(
    question_name="random",
    question_text="Pick a random number between 1 and 50."
)

# We will administer this question with no memory of the prior question
q_random_no_memory = QuestionNumerical(
    question_name="random_no_memory",
    question_text="Pick a random number between 1 and 50.",
)

# We will administer this question with a memory of the first question
q_random_memory = QuestionNumerical(
    question_name="random_memory",
    question_text="Pick a random number between 1 and 50.",
)

# We will administer this question with a memory of the first question but instruct the agent to ignore it
q_random_ignore = QuestionNumerical(
    question_name="random_ignore",
    question_text="""Pick a random number between 1 and 50.
    Be sure to completely disregard the other random number that you picked.""",
)

# We will administer this question with no memory of prior questions
q_random_list = QuestionList(
    question_name="random_list",
    question_text="Pick 5 random numbers between 1 and 50. Return a list of integers.",
    max_list_items=5,
)

# Combine the questions in a survey
survey = Survey(questions =
    [q_random, q_random_no_memory, q_random_memory, q_random_ignore, q_random_list]
)

# Adding targeted question memories - the prior question and answer become part of the new question prompt
survey = (
    survey
        .add_targeted_memory(q_random_memory, q_random)
        .add_targeted_memory(q_random_ignore, q_random)
)

# Create a variety of instructions for the agents
instructions = [
    "Respond as if you are a real human trying to pick randomly.",
    "Respond as if you are simulating actual random events.",
    "Respond as if you are playing a game.",
    "Respond as if you are participating in a lottery.",
    "Respond as if you are testing software.",
    "Respond as if you are choosing among indistinguishable options.",
    "Respond spontaneously.",
    "Respond erratically.",
    "Respond chaotically.",
]

# Just pass the instructions - we could also explore variations in agent traits, eg personas or knowledge
a = AgentList(
    Agent(traits={}, instruction=i) for i in instructions
)

results = survey.by(a).by(m).run(fresh=True)

(
    results
        .sort_by("random")
        .select(
            "model",
            "agent_instruction",
            "random",
            "random_no_memory",
            "random_memory",
            "random_ignore",
            "random_list"
        )
)

	model.model	agent.agent_instruction	answer.random	answer.random_no_memory	answer.random_memory	answer.random_ignore	answer.random_list
0	gemini-1.5-flash	Respond as if you are choosing among indistinguishable options.	25	25	25	37	[23, 4, 17, 38, 49]
1	gemini-1.5-flash	Respond as if you are a real human trying to pick randomly.	27	27	13	33	[23, 4, 17, 48, 31]
2	gpt-4o	Respond as if you are a real human trying to pick randomly.	27	37	33	14	[7, 22, 35, 48, 11]
3	claude-sonnet-4-20250514	Respond as if you are a real human trying to pick randomly.	27	27	42	42	[7, 23, 31, 42, 16]
4	gemini-1.5-flash	Respond as if you are simulating actual random events.	27	27	17	3	[23, 4, 48, 11, 37]
5	gpt-4o	Respond as if you are simulating actual random events.	27	27	13	42	[17, 34, 8, 22, 45]
6	claude-sonnet-4-20250514	Respond as if you are simulating actual random events.	27	27	42	42	[7, 23, 31, 42, 16]
7	gemini-1.5-flash	Respond as if you are playing a game.	27	27	33	33	[23, 4, 17, 48, 31]
8	gpt-4o	Respond as if you are playing a game.	27	27	14	13	[7, 19, 34, 42, 50]
9	claude-sonnet-4-20250514	Respond as if you are playing a game.	27	27	42	42	[7, 23, 31, 42, 16]
10	gemini-1.5-flash	Respond as if you are participating in a lottery.	27	27	33	33	[17, 23, 38, 4, 49]
11	gpt-4o	Respond as if you are participating in a lottery.	27	27	34	14	[7, 14, 23, 36, 45]
12	claude-sonnet-4-20250514	Respond as if you are participating in a lottery.	27	27	42	42	[7, 23, 31, 42, 18]
13	gemini-1.5-flash	Respond as if you are testing software.	27	27	42	42	[23, 4, 48, 11, 37]
14	gpt-4o	Respond as if you are testing software.	27	27	34	34	[7, 23, 35, 42, 18]
15	claude-sonnet-4-20250514	Respond as if you are testing software.	27	27	42	34	[23, 7, 41, 15, 32]
16	gpt-4o	Respond as if you are choosing among indistinguishable options.	27	27	14	34	[17, 34, 8, 42, 29]
17	claude-sonnet-4-20250514	Respond as if you are choosing among indistinguishable options.	27	27	42	34	[7, 23, 31, 42, 16]
18	gemini-1.5-flash	Respond spontaneously.	27	27	33	42	[23, 4, 17, 42, 31]
19	gpt-4o	Respond spontaneously.	27	27	14	13	[7, 23, 15, 42, 36]
20	claude-sonnet-4-20250514	Respond spontaneously.	27	27	42	42	[7, 23, 31, 42, 16]
21	gemini-1.5-flash	Respond erratically.	27	27	32	37	[17, 2, 48, 31, 1]
22	gpt-4o	Respond erratically.	27	37	42	42	[17, 42, 8, 29, 33]
23	claude-sonnet-4-20250514	Respond erratically.	27	27	42	42	[7, 23, 41, 15, 32]
24	gemini-1.5-flash	Respond chaotically.	27	27	17	37	[17, 42, 2, 31, 49]
25	claude-sonnet-4-20250514	Respond chaotically.	27	37	42	42	[42, 7, 23, 31, 16]
26	gpt-4o	Respond chaotically.	37	27	23	42	[42, 7, 23, 16, 35]

Using `QuestionFunctional` to evaluate responses

We can use question type QuestionFunctional to answer a question with a function instead of calling a model. This can be useful where a model is not needed for part of a survey. This question type lets us define a function for evaluating scenarios and (optionally) agent traits, which is passed as a parameter func to the question type in the following general format:

def my_function(scenario, agent_traits=None):
    <some function>

q = QuestionFunctional(
    question_name = "example",
    func = my_function
)

Here we can use QuestionFunctional to compute some straightforward comparisons of the agents’ “random” numbers. We start by creating scenarios of the responses to use as inputs to a function for comparing the numbers:

scenarios = results.select("agent_instruction", "random", "random_no_memory").to_scenario_list()

scenarios

ScenarioList scenarios: 27; keys: [‘random’, ‘random_no_memory’, ‘agent_instruction’];

	agent_instruction	random	random_no_memory
0	Respond as if you are a real human trying to pick randomly.	27	27
1	Respond as if you are a real human trying to pick randomly.	27	37
2	Respond as if you are a real human trying to pick randomly.	27	27
3	Respond as if you are simulating actual random events.	27	27
4	Respond as if you are simulating actual random events.	27	27
5	Respond as if you are simulating actual random events.	27	27
6	Respond as if you are playing a game.	27	27
7	Respond as if you are playing a game.	27	27
8	Respond as if you are playing a game.	27	27
9	Respond as if you are participating in a lottery.	27	27
10	Respond as if you are participating in a lottery.	27	27
11	Respond as if you are participating in a lottery.	27	27
12	Respond as if you are testing software.	27	27
13	Respond as if you are testing software.	27	27
14	Respond as if you are testing software.	27	27
15	Respond as if you are choosing among indistinguishable options.	25	25
16	Respond as if you are choosing among indistinguishable options.	27	27
17	Respond as if you are choosing among indistinguishable options.	27	27
18	Respond spontaneously.	27	27
19	Respond spontaneously.	27	27
20	Respond spontaneously.	27	27
21	Respond erratically.	27	27
22	Respond erratically.	27	37
23	Respond erratically.	27	27
24	Respond chaotically.	27	27
25	Respond chaotically.	37	27
26	Respond chaotically.	27	37

Next we use the function to generate the comparison and print the results as another table:

from edsl import QuestionFunctional

def check_random(scenario, agent_traits):
    if scenario.get("random") == scenario.get("random_no_memory"):
        return "Agent returned the same number."
    else:
        return "Agent returned a different number."


q = QuestionFunctional(question_name="check_random", func=check_random)

results = q.by(scenarios).by(m).run()

results.select("agent.agent_instruction", "random", "random_no_memory", "check_random")

/Users/a16174/edsl/edsl/results/result.py:382: UserWarning: Key 'agent_instruction' of data type 'scenario' is already in use. Renaming to agent_instruction_scenario
  warnings.warn(

	agent.agent_instruction	scenario.random	scenario.random_no_memory	answer.check_random
0	You are answering questions as if you were a human. Do not break character.	27	27	Agent returned the same number.
1	You are answering questions as if you were a human. Do not break character.	27	27	Agent returned the same number.
2	You are answering questions as if you were a human. Do not break character.	27	27	Agent returned the same number.
3	You are answering questions as if you were a human. Do not break character.	27	37	Agent returned a different number.
4	You are answering questions as if you were a human. Do not break character.	27	37	Agent returned a different number.
5	You are answering questions as if you were a human. Do not break character.	27	37	Agent returned a different number.
6	You are answering questions as if you were a human. Do not break character.	27	27	Agent returned the same number.
7	You are answering questions as if you were a human. Do not break character.	27	27	Agent returned the same number.
8	You are answering questions as if you were a human. Do not break character.	27	27	Agent returned the same number.
9	You are answering questions as if you were a human. Do not break character.	27	27	Agent returned the same number.
10	You are answering questions as if you were a human. Do not break character.	27	27	Agent returned the same number.
11	You are answering questions as if you were a human. Do not break character.	27	27	Agent returned the same number.
12	You are answering questions as if you were a human. Do not break character.	27	27	Agent returned the same number.
13	You are answering questions as if you were a human. Do not break character.	27	27	Agent returned the same number.
14	You are answering questions as if you were a human. Do not break character.	27	27	Agent returned the same number.
15	You are answering questions as if you were a human. Do not break character.	27	27	Agent returned the same number.
16	You are answering questions as if you were a human. Do not break character.	27	27	Agent returned the same number.
17	You are answering questions as if you were a human. Do not break character.	27	27	Agent returned the same number.
18	You are answering questions as if you were a human. Do not break character.	27	27	Agent returned the same number.
19	You are answering questions as if you were a human. Do not break character.	27	27	Agent returned the same number.
20	You are answering questions as if you were a human. Do not break character.	27	27	Agent returned the same number.
21	You are answering questions as if you were a human. Do not break character.	27	27	Agent returned the same number.
22	You are answering questions as if you were a human. Do not break character.	27	27	Agent returned the same number.
23	You are answering questions as if you were a human. Do not break character.	27	27	Agent returned the same number.
24	You are answering questions as if you were a human. Do not break character.	27	27	Agent returned the same number.
25	You are answering questions as if you were a human. Do not break character.	27	27	Agent returned the same number.
26	You are answering questions as if you were a human. Do not break character.	27	27	Agent returned the same number.
27	You are answering questions as if you were a human. Do not break character.	27	27	Agent returned the same number.
28	You are answering questions as if you were a human. Do not break character.	27	27	Agent returned the same number.
29	You are answering questions as if you were a human. Do not break character.	27	27	Agent returned the same number.
30	You are answering questions as if you were a human. Do not break character.	27	27	Agent returned the same number.
31	You are answering questions as if you were a human. Do not break character.	27	27	Agent returned the same number.
32	You are answering questions as if you were a human. Do not break character.	27	27	Agent returned the same number.
33	You are answering questions as if you were a human. Do not break character.	27	27	Agent returned the same number.
34	You are answering questions as if you were a human. Do not break character.	27	27	Agent returned the same number.
35	You are answering questions as if you were a human. Do not break character.	27	27	Agent returned the same number.
36	You are answering questions as if you were a human. Do not break character.	27	27	Agent returned the same number.
37	You are answering questions as if you were a human. Do not break character.	27	27	Agent returned the same number.
38	You are answering questions as if you were a human. Do not break character.	27	27	Agent returned the same number.
39	You are answering questions as if you were a human. Do not break character.	27	27	Agent returned the same number.
40	You are answering questions as if you were a human. Do not break character.	27	27	Agent returned the same number.
41	You are answering questions as if you were a human. Do not break character.	27	27	Agent returned the same number.
42	You are answering questions as if you were a human. Do not break character.	27	27	Agent returned the same number.
43	You are answering questions as if you were a human. Do not break character.	27	27	Agent returned the same number.
44	You are answering questions as if you were a human. Do not break character.	27	27	Agent returned the same number.
45	You are answering questions as if you were a human. Do not break character.	25	25	Agent returned the same number.
46	You are answering questions as if you were a human. Do not break character.	25	25	Agent returned the same number.
47	You are answering questions as if you were a human. Do not break character.	25	25	Agent returned the same number.
48	You are answering questions as if you were a human. Do not break character.	27	27	Agent returned the same number.
49	You are answering questions as if you were a human. Do not break character.	27	27	Agent returned the same number.
50	You are answering questions as if you were a human. Do not break character.	27	27	Agent returned the same number.
51	You are answering questions as if you were a human. Do not break character.	27	27	Agent returned the same number.
52	You are answering questions as if you were a human. Do not break character.	27	27	Agent returned the same number.
53	You are answering questions as if you were a human. Do not break character.	27	27	Agent returned the same number.
54	You are answering questions as if you were a human. Do not break character.	27	27	Agent returned the same number.
55	You are answering questions as if you were a human. Do not break character.	27	27	Agent returned the same number.
56	You are answering questions as if you were a human. Do not break character.	27	27	Agent returned the same number.
57	You are answering questions as if you were a human. Do not break character.	27	27	Agent returned the same number.
58	You are answering questions as if you were a human. Do not break character.	27	27	Agent returned the same number.
59	You are answering questions as if you were a human. Do not break character.	27	27	Agent returned the same number.
60	You are answering questions as if you were a human. Do not break character.	27	27	Agent returned the same number.
61	You are answering questions as if you were a human. Do not break character.	27	27	Agent returned the same number.
62	You are answering questions as if you were a human. Do not break character.	27	27	Agent returned the same number.
63	You are answering questions as if you were a human. Do not break character.	27	27	Agent returned the same number.
64	You are answering questions as if you were a human. Do not break character.	27	27	Agent returned the same number.
65	You are answering questions as if you were a human. Do not break character.	27	27	Agent returned the same number.
66	You are answering questions as if you were a human. Do not break character.	27	37	Agent returned a different number.
67	You are answering questions as if you were a human. Do not break character.	27	37	Agent returned a different number.
68	You are answering questions as if you were a human. Do not break character.	27	37	Agent returned a different number.
69	You are answering questions as if you were a human. Do not break character.	27	27	Agent returned the same number.
70	You are answering questions as if you were a human. Do not break character.	27	27	Agent returned the same number.
71	You are answering questions as if you were a human. Do not break character.	27	27	Agent returned the same number.
72	You are answering questions as if you were a human. Do not break character.	27	27	Agent returned the same number.
73	You are answering questions as if you were a human. Do not break character.	27	27	Agent returned the same number.
74	You are answering questions as if you were a human. Do not break character.	27	27	Agent returned the same number.
75	You are answering questions as if you were a human. Do not break character.	37	27	Agent returned a different number.
76	You are answering questions as if you were a human. Do not break character.	37	27	Agent returned a different number.
77	You are answering questions as if you were a human. Do not break character.	37	27	Agent returned a different number.
78	You are answering questions as if you were a human. Do not break character.	27	37	Agent returned a different number.
79	You are answering questions as if you were a human. Do not break character.	27	37	Agent returned a different number.
80	You are answering questions as if you were a human. Do not break character.	27	37	Agent returned a different number.

Posting to Expected Parrot

Expected Parrot is an integrated platform for creating, storing and sharing LLM-based research. It is fully integrated with EDSL and accessible from your workspace or Expected Parrot account page. Learn more about creating an account and the platform. Here we demonstrate how to post this notebook:

from edsl import Notebook

nb = Notebook(path = "random_numbers.ipynb")

nb.push(
    description = "Example code for exploring randomness with agents and models",
    alias = "random-numbers-notebook",
    visibility = "public"
)

{'description': 'Example code for exploring randomness with agents and models',
 'object_type': 'notebook',
 'url': 'https://www.expectedparrot.com/content/e4737176-951a-484a-921e-bda9e1e3232b',
 'alias_url': 'https://www.expectedparrot.com/content/RobinHorton/random-numbers-notebook',
 'uuid': 'e4737176-951a-484a-921e-bda9e1e3232b',
 'version': '0.1.62.dev1',
 'visibility': 'public'}

Introduction

Getting Started

Core Concepts

Getting Data

Working with Results

Validating with Humans

No-code Apps

Platform

How-to Guides

Notebook Examples

Developers

Creating questions to generate “random” numbers

Using `QuestionFunctional` to evaluate responses

Posting to Expected Parrot

​Creating questions to generate “random” numbers

​Using QuestionFunctional to evaluate responses

​Posting to Expected Parrot

Creating questions to generate “random” numbers

Using `QuestionFunctional` to evaluate responses

Posting to Expected Parrot